“Critical thinking is the ability to think clearly and rationally about what to do or what to believe. It includes the ability to engage in reflective and independent thinking” (Lau & Chan, 2015).
As Lloyd and Bahr summarize, critical thinking鈥檚 鈥渄efinition, since the seminal work of Glaser (1941), has related to its being an individual cognitive skill with three distinct characteristics:
- An attitude of being or state of mind to thoughtfully consider the problems and subjects that come within a range of one鈥檚 experiences;
- Knowledge of the methods of logical enquiry and reasoning; and,
- Some skill in applying those methods ()
Although students often hear 鈥渃ritical鈥 as meaning negative or argumentative, critical thinking involves measured, considered thought and evaluation of an idea or topic.
Physicist Arnold Arons (1997) identified key critical reasoning abilities:
- Consciously raising the questions 鈥淲hat do we know鈥? How do we know鈥? Why do we accept or believe鈥? What is the evidence for鈥?鈥 when studying some body of material or approaching a problem.
- Being clearly and explicitly aware of gaps in available information. Recognizing when a conclusion is reached or a decision made in absence of complete information and being able to tolerate the ambiguity and uncertainty. Recognizing when one is taking something on faith without having examined the 鈥淗ow do we know鈥? Why do we believe鈥?鈥 questions.
- Discriminating between observation and inference, between established fact and subsequent conjecture.
- Recognizing that words are symbols for ideas and not the ideas themselves. Recognizing the necessity of using only words of prior definition, rooted in shared experience, in forming a new definition and in avoiding being misled by technical jargon.
- Probing for assumption (particularly the implicit, unarticulated assumptions) behind a line of reasoning.
- Drawing inferences from data, observations or other evidence and recognizing when firm inferences cannot be drawn. This subsumes a number of processes such as elementary syllogistic reasoning (e.g., dealing with basic prepositional 鈥渋f. . .then鈥 statements), correlational reasoning, recognizing when relevant variables have or have not been controlled.
- Performing hypothetico-deductive reasoning; that is, given a particular situation, applying relevant knowledge of principles and constraints and visualizing, in the abstract, the plausible outcomes that might result from various changes one can imagine to be imposed on the system.
- Discriminating between inductive and deductive reasoning; that is, being aware when an argument is being made from the particular to the general or from the general to the particular.
- Testing one鈥檚 own line of reasoning and conclusions for internal consistency and thus developing intellectual self-reliance.
- Developing self-consciousness concerning one鈥檚 own thinking and reasoning processes. (Arons, 1997)
Critical Thinking Activities
- Clarify the vocabulary: The at Western University advises 鈥渄econstructing鈥 terms: 鈥淎t the beginning of the course, discuss with students what you mean by terms like 鈥榓nalyse鈥, 鈥榓ssess,鈥 鈥榗ritique,鈥 鈥榬easoning,鈥 鈥榝allacy,鈥 鈥榓ssumptions,鈥 鈥榣ogic,鈥 鈥榗ompare and contrast,鈥 etc. Go through some very short readings in class to demonstrate the terms you want them to understand and have them ask questions about, and reflect back, what they understand about those terms.鈥
- Many active learning activities cultivate critical thinking
- Reflective writing (one-minute papers or longer)
- Think-pair-share
- Have students assess and debate concepts or readings.
- Model critical analysis and reading for students, and then encourage them to practice
- Guided social annotation (via Perusall, Hypothes.is, or Google docs): prompt students to evaluate and reflect on key aspects of a text
Arons, A. B. (1997). Teaching Introductory Physics (Wiley, New York)
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